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In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the linguistic situation
in Europe was one of remarkable fluidity. Latin, the great
scholarly lingua franca of the medieval period, was beginning to
crack as the tectonic plates shifted beneath it, but the
vernaculars had not yet crystallized into the national languages
that they would later become, and multilingualism was rife.
Meanwhile, elsewhere in the world, languages were coming into
contact with an intensity that they had never had before,
influencing each other and throwing up all manner of hybrids and
pidgins as peoples tried to communicate using the semiotic
resources they had available. Of interest to linguists, literary
scholars and historians, amongst others, this interdisciplinary
volume explores the linguistic dynamics operating in Europe and
beyond in the crucial centuries between 1400 and 1800. Assuming a
state of individual, societal and functional multilingualism, when
codeswitching was the norm, and languages themselves were fluid,
unbounded and porous, it explores the shifting relationships that
existed between various tongues in different geographical contexts,
as well as some of the myths and theories that arose to make sense
of them.
This volume problematizes the concept and practice of translation
in an interconnected world in which English, despite its hegemonic
status, can no longer be considered a coherent unified entity but
rather a mobile resource subject to various kinds of hybridization.
Drawing upon recent work in the domains of translation studies,
literary studies and (socio-)linguistics, it explores the
centrality of translation as both a trope for the analysis of
contemporary transcultural dynamics and as a concrete communication
practice in the globalized world. The chapters range across many
geographic realities and genres (including fiction, memoir,
animated film and hip-hop), and deal with subjects as varied as
self-translation, translational ethics and language change. As a
whole, the book makes an important contribution to our
understanding of how meanings are generated and relayed in a
context of super-diversity, in which traditional understandings of
language and translation can no longer be sustained.
This volume problematizes the concept and practice of translation
in an interconnected world in which English, despite its hegemonic
status, can no longer be considered a coherent unified entity but
rather a mobile resource subject to various kinds of hybridization.
Drawing upon recent work in the domains of translation studies,
literary studies and (socio-)linguistics, it explores the
centrality of translation as both a trope for the analysis of
contemporary transcultural dynamics and as a concrete communication
practice in the globalized world. The chapters range across many
geographic realities and genres (including fiction, memoir,
animated film and hip-hop), and deal with subjects as varied as
self-translation, translational ethics and language change. As a
whole, the book makes an important contribution to our
understanding of how meanings are generated and relayed in a
context of super-diversity, in which traditional understandings of
language and translation can no longer be sustained.
Human rights defenders - who by peaceful means advocate, mobilise
and often put their lives at risk to defend the most fundamental
freedoms of their fellow citizens - are key agents of change in
their own societies and make a significant contribution to the
international community's efforts to support democracy and human
rights. Defenders often face serious threats and can experience
harm by state and non-state actors. Since the United Nations
General Assembly's adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights
Defenders in 1998, there has been considerable effort to recognise
and protect the right of individuals, groups and communities to
promote and protect their own rights and the rights of others. Over
time, a multi-level, multi-actor international protection regime
for the rights of human rights defenders has emerged, which is
based on existing rights derived from the international human
rights regime. The authors in this book reflect on the positive
developments that have emerged over time to strengthen the
protection of defenders, as well as the debates, tensions and
contestations in such practices. This collection provides a
critical appraisal of the construction, function, ethical
boundaries, and evolution of this protection regime, as well as its
multi-scalar social and political effects. In particular, the
authors consider the effectiveness of particular international and
regional protection mechanisms for the protection of defenders, and
examine the relationship between repression, activism, and tactics
for managing risks in the face of danger. This book was originally
published as a special issue of the International Journal of Human
Rights.
Human rights defenders - who by peaceful means advocate, mobilise
and often put their lives at risk to defend the most fundamental
freedoms of their fellow citizens - are key agents of change in
their own societies and make a significant contribution to the
international community's efforts to support democracy and human
rights. Defenders often face serious threats and can experience
harm by state and non-state actors. Since the United Nations
General Assembly's adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights
Defenders in 1998, there has been considerable effort to recognise
and protect the right of individuals, groups and communities to
promote and protect their own rights and the rights of others. Over
time, a multi-level, multi-actor international protection regime
for the rights of human rights defenders has emerged, which is
based on existing rights derived from the international human
rights regime. The authors in this book reflect on the positive
developments that have emerged over time to strengthen the
protection of defenders, as well as the debates, tensions and
contestations in such practices. This collection provides a
critical appraisal of the construction, function, ethical
boundaries, and evolution of this protection regime, as well as its
multi-scalar social and political effects. In particular, the
authors consider the effectiveness of particular international and
regional protection mechanisms for the protection of defenders, and
examine the relationship between repression, activism, and tactics
for managing risks in the face of danger. This book was originally
published as a special issue of the International Journal of Human
Rights.
English Academic Discourse has its roots in a discourse that was
forged back in the 17th century to serve the needs of the new
empirical science that developed during the great epistemological
shift that followed the Reformation. Hence, it encodes in its very
structure not only the philosophical perspective of the scientific
paradigm (positivism, empiricism and realism) but also certain
values (plainness, economy and transparency) typical of the
Protestant worldview. This contrasts markedly with the situation in
the Catholic countries of Southern Europe, where the persistence of
the older humanistic paradigm has favoured a scholarly discourse
that is traditionally very copious, elaborate and literary.
Focusing on the specific case of Portugal, this work examines some
of the technical, ideological and ethical problems facing
translators attempting to render Portuguese academic texts into
English. Its analysis of the consequences of one particular
epistemological disjunction is likely to interest not only
translators and teachers working in the Portuguese context, but
also researchers from any cultural or academic background
interested in publishing their work in English.
Much of the most interesting work in philosophy today is
metaphysical in character. Oxford Studies in Metaphysics is a forum
for the best new work in this flourishing field. OSM offers a broad
view of the subject, featuring not only the traditionally central
topics such as existence, identity, modality, time, and causation,
but also the rich clusters of metaphysical questions in
neighbouring fields, such as philsophy of mind and philosophy of
science. Besides independent essays, volumes will often contain a
critical essay on a recent book, or a symposium that allows
participants to respond to one another's criticisms and questions.
Anyone who wants to know what's happening in metaphysics can start
here.
A certain kind of talk is ubiquitous among both philosophers and
so-called "ordinary people": talk of one phenomenon generating or
giving rise to another, or talk of one phenomenon being based in or
constructed from another. For example, your computer screen is
built of atoms in a complex configuration, and the picture on the
screen is based in the local illumination of various individual
pixels. Karen Bennett calls the family of relations invoked by such
talk 'building relations'. Grounding is one currently popular such
relation; so too are composition, property realization,
and-controversially-causation. In chapters 2 and 3 Bennett argues
that despite their differences, building relations form an
interestingly unified family, and characterizes what all building
relations have in common. In chapter 4 she argues that it's a
mistake to think there is a strict divide between causal and
noncausal determination. Chapters 5 and 6 turn to the connections
between building and fundamentality. Bennett argues at length that
both absolute and relative fundamentality are best understood in
terms of building, and that to say that one thing is more
fundamental than another is to say no more than that certain
patterns of building obtain. In chapter 7 Bennett argues that facts
about what builds what must be themselves built: if a builds b,
there is something in virtue of which that is the case. She also
argues that the answer is a itself. Finally, in chapter 8 she
defends an assumption that runs throughout the rest of the book,
namely that there indeed are nonfundamental, built entities. Doing
so involves substantive discussion about the scope of Ockham's
Razor. Bennett argues that some nonfundamentalia are among the
proper subject-matter of metaphysics, and thus that metaphysics is
not best understood as the study of the fundamental nature of
reality.
This volume examines the school-to-prison pipeline, a concept that
has received growing attention over the past 10-15 years in the
United States. The "pipeline" refers to a number of interrelated
concepts and activities that most often include the criminalization
of students and student behavior, the police-like state found in
many schools throughout the country, and the introduction of youth
into the criminal justice system at an early age. The
school-to-prison pipeline negatively and disproportionally affects
communities of color throughout the United States, particularly in
urban areas. Given the demographic composition of public schools in
the United States, the nature of student performance in schools
over the past 50 years, the manifestation of school-to-prison
pipeline approaches pervasive throughout the country and the world,
and the growing incarceration rates for youth, this volume explores
this issue from the sociological, criminological, and educational
perspectives. Understanding, Dismantling, and Disrupting the
Prison-to-School Pipeline has contributions from scholars and
practitioners who work in the fields of sociology, counseling,
criminal justice, and who are working to dismantle the pipeline.
While the academic conversation has consistently called the
pipeline 'school-to-prison,' including the framing of many chapters
in this book, the economic and market forces driving the
prison-industrial complex urge us to consider reframing the
pipeline as one working from 'prison-to-school.' This volume points
toward the tensions between efforts to articulate values of
democratic education and schooling against practices that
criminalize youth and engage students in reductionist and
legalistic manners.
This volume examines the school-to-prison pipeline, a concept that
has received growing attention over the past 10-15 years in the
United States. The "pipeline" refers to a number of interrelated
concepts and activities that most often include the criminalization
of students and student behavior, the police-like state found in
many schools throughout the country, and the introduction of youth
into the criminal justice system at an early age. The
school-to-prison pipeline negatively and disproportionally affects
communities of color throughout the United States, particularly in
urban areas. Given the demographic composition of public schools in
the United States, the nature of student performance in schools
over the past 50 years, the manifestation of school-to-prison
pipeline approaches pervasive throughout the country and the world,
and the growing incarceration rates for youth, this volume explores
this issue from the sociological, criminological, and educational
perspectives. Understanding, Dismantling, and Disrupting the
Prison-to-School Pipeline has contributions from scholars and
practitioners who work in the fields of sociology, counseling,
criminal justice, and who are working to dismantle the pipeline.
While the academic conversation has consistently called the
pipeline 'school-to-prison,' including the framing of many chapters
in this book, the economic and market forces driving the
prison-industrial complex urge us to consider reframing the
pipeline as one working from 'prison-to-school.' This volume points
toward the tensions between efforts to articulate values of
democratic education and schooling against practices that
criminalize youth and engage students in reductionist and
legalistic manners.
Much of the most interesting work in philosophy today is
metaphysical in character. Oxford Studies in Metaphysics is a forum
for the best new work in this flourishing field. OSM offers a broad
view of the subject, featuring not only the traditionally central
topics such as existence, identity, modality, time, and causation,
but also the rich clusters of metaphysical questions in
neighbouring fields, such as philsophy of mind and philosophy of
science. Besides independent essays, volumes will often contain a
critical essay on a recent book, or a symposium that allows
participants to respond to one another's criticisms and questions.
Anyone who wants to know what's happening in metaphysics can start
here.
Much of the most interesting work in philosophy today is
metaphysical in character. Oxford Studies in Metaphysics is a forum
for the best new work in this flourishing field. OSM offers a broad
view of the subject, featuring not only the traditionally central
topics such as existence, identity, modality, time, and causation,
but also the rich clusters of metaphysical questions in
neighbouring fields, such as philsophy of mind and philosophy of
science. Besides independent essays, volumes will often contain a
critical essay on a recent book, or a symposium that allows
participants to respond to one another's criticisms and questions.
Anyone who wants to know what's happening in metaphysics can start
here.
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